Destination C1 Unit 9 10 C1-.docx

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UNIT 9: GRAMMAR

MODALS AND SEMI-MODALS

• The nine mains modal (will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, must) have only one

form (ie they do not change tense or person so we followed by a simple or continuous bare

infinitive (eg could + do, being doing, have done, have been doing !) they can also be followed by

the bare infinitive in the passive (could + be done, have been done)

• Semi-modals has similar meaning to modal. They include: need (to), ought to, had better and

have (got) to.

• Some semi-modals, such as had better, do not change tense or person. Others, such as have (got)

to, do.

• Some semi-modals can be used in combination with modals. Producing phrases such as might

have to.

Ability

Real ability

Current or general ability

Past ability

Decisions made now about

future ability

Future ability

Can, can't

Could, couldn't

Can, can't, could,

couldn't

Will/won't be

able to

You can't speak seven languages

fluently, can you ?

There's no way you could read

when you were two !

I can get you a paper when I go

to the shop, if you like.

One day, may be all adults will

be able to read and write.

Hypothetical

ability

Current or general

hypothetical ability

Future hypothetical ability

Past hypothetical ability

Could, couldn't

Could, couldn't

Could have,

couldn't have

I couldn't go on a quiz show, I'd

be too scared !

I could go with them to the

cinema tomorrow but I won't

because I've already seen the

film.

They could have asked the

Prime Minister much more

searching question, I wonder

why they didn't.

Watch out

• The full negative form of modals is written as two words, eg could not. The exception is cannot,

which is one word.

• Can and could cannot be used is infinitives. We can use to be able to instead.

I'd love to be able to come with you to the cinema tomorrow but I just can't.

• We don't usually use could for past ability on one occasion. We use was/were able to, managed

or succeeded, etc.

Luckily, she was able to finish the article in time.

However, with verbs such as see, hear, feel, etc we can use could for past ability on one occasion.

I could see that she was tired.

Permission

Asking for permission

May, could, couldn't, can, can't

Can I finish watching this