Destination C1 UNIT 13 14 KEY-.docx

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UNIT 13

GRAMMAR

*

Modals: ability, permission, advice, criticism, obligation and necessity, degrees of

certainty

Form • All modals (will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might,must) and the semi-

modal ought to have only one form.

• Modals are followed by the bare infinitive (simple or continuous) or the bare perfect

infinitive eg Toby should be very fit by now.

Toby should have recovered by now.

• The semi-modals have to and need to change their form depending on person and tense

eg The doctor said I had/needed to give up red meat.

Modals: ability

Use

Modal

Example

Expressing ability now or generally

can

I can run a kilometre in four minutes.

Expressing decisions made now

about future ability

can

We can meet at the gym tomorrow, if you like.

Expressing ability in the past

could

I could do fifty press-ups with one hand when 1

was younger.

Expressing ability in present, future

or general hypothetical situations

could

If only I could quit smoking!

Expressing ability in past

hypothetical situations

could +

perfect

infinitive

I could have roasted the potatoes, but 1 decided

that boiling them was healthier.

We use be able to for the infini tive and other tenses.

I’d love to be able to fit into these jeans again! (infinitive)

I’ll be able to leave hospital in a few weeks, apparently, (future)

I've been able to swim since 1 was five, (present perfect)

Modals: permission

Use

Modal

Example

Asking for and giving permission

now, for the future or generally

may

could

can

May / Could / Can I see the doctor, please?

May is more polite than could, and could is more polite than can.

We don't usually use a modal to talk about past permission.

√ I was allowed to wear a knee support during the match.

X I could wear a knee support during the match.

However, we do use could to talk about past permission in reported

speech.

√ The coach said I could wear a knee support during the match.